Our study on measuring and modelling the isotopic composition of mobile and bulk soil water published in Vadose Zone Journal got featured in the CSA News of the Alliance of Crop, Soil and Environmental Science Societies. You can read the short abstract here.
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Our study on water ages in the soil, transpiration, evaporation and recharge got published in Hydrology and Earth System Sciences after a lively discussion during the open peer-review process. We simulated how long the water travels through the compartments of the critical zone and also the median age of the water in each compartment. We found that the travel time distribution is not necessarily the same for evaporation and transpiration, as the roots access older water in deeper soil layers than the evaporation. Further, the travel time of the recharge flux is mainly driven by flushing events, when there is high recharge during winter (in Scotland) or during snow melt (in Canada and Sweden). Water ages are generally lower the higher the storage and increase with decrease in soil wetness. This is true for recharge and also evaporation and transpiration fluxes. We hope to contribute with this to the ongoing research on how the soil-plant interactions affect the water flow and transport in the upper critical zone. You can download the manuscript here.
The final version on the manuscript on "Measuring and Modeling Stable Isotopes of Mobile and Bulk Soil Water" is now online available and can be downloaded here.
A study on water ages and travel times in the critical zone is now out in Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussion. We used in this study the SWIS model that was tested at different sites in the northern latitudes in a previous investigation. We tracked the infiltrated water through the soil profiles and in the evaporation, transpiration and recharge fluxes. This way, we could derive travel times (which show how long the water takes to leave the soil via evaporation, transpiration or recharge), and median water ages (to estimate the median age of water in soil storage or the evaporation, transpiration and recharge fluxes). Our results showed for each study site, that water ages of soil storage, evaporation, transpiration and recharge were inversely related to the storage volume of the critical zone: water ages generally decreased exponentially with increasing soil water storage. These findings on the 1-D soil profile support the "inverse storage effect" as recently discussed for the catchment and hillslope scales. You can download the manuscript here.
I am happy to present the final study of my postdoctoral research within the VeWa project at EGU 2018 on "Water ages in the critical zone of northern environments: Relation between storage and travel times of transpiration and recharge fluxes". The presentation will be a talk on Thursday morning (12 April, 9:30 a.m., room 2.31) in an interesting session on controls of water storage, mixing and release dynamics. See here a list of all contributions to the session, with links to their abstracts.
The abstract describing my work in cooperation with Doerthe Tetzlaff and Chris Soulsby reads as follows: "As the northern environments undergo intense changes due to warming climatic conditions and altered land use practices, there is a need for an improved understanding of the impact of atmospheric forcing and vegetation on water storage dynamics in the critical zone. We therefore assess the travel times of recharge and transpiration fluxes in four landscape units of podzol soils in the northern latitudes: two sites in the Bruntland Burn long-term experimental catchment (Scottish Highlands) were vegetated either with Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) or Ericacae (Calluna vulgaris), one site in Dorset, Canada was covered with White pine (Pinus strobus), and one site in Krycklan, Sweden dominated by Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). We simulated the forward travel times by tracking individual precipitation and snowmelt events through the critical zone using the SWIS (Soil Water Isotope Simulator) model. A previous study showed that the SWIS model could simulate the hydrometric and isotopic dynamics in the upper 50 cm of the studied soils. The resulting median travel times of soil waters percolating through the 50 cm depth plane ranged from few days to >200 days at Bruntland Burn and Dorset and >300 days at the Krycklan site. These time-variant travel times of the recharge flux showed for all sites an exponential relationship to the water storage in the soil. The lower the water volume in the considered soil volume, the more likely are longer travel times. The shortest travel times of the recharge occurred accordingly in winter and early spring when the storage was highest and evapotranspiration was lowest. Our findings on the pedon scale therefore indicate similar inverse storage effects as reported for water ages of discharge at the catchment scale. These general patterns are blurred in years of intense snow accumulation and high snowmelt volumes in spring. As shown for the Krycklan site, the travel time of recharging soil waters in such years was highly dependent on the timing of the snow melt and most water was flushed during the melt period. The travel times of the transpiration ranged between few days and about 200 days depending on the time of infiltration of the traced precipitation or snowmelt. Water that infiltrated in late autumn stayed on average about 200 days in the soil before it was transpired in the following growing season. Thus, the dynamics of the transpiration water ages was mainly driven by the onset of the vegetation period. Our findings provide new insights into the mixing and transport processes of soil water in the upper layer of the critical zone, which is relevant for hydrological modeling at the plot and catchment scales as the common assumption of a well-mixed system in the subsurface does not hold for the transpiration. Additionally, the transpiration ages show that water in the plant xylem can have relatively old ages depending on the year, which is relevant for ecohydrological studies inferring root water uptake depths using stable isotopes. We compare in our latest study soil water isotope data from suction cup lysimeter, that are limited to sample the mobile water (MW), with soil water isotope data sampled with the direct water-vapor analysis, that samples the bulk soil water (BW). We present for six landscape units at three VeWa sites that the BW isotopic compositions shows a kinetic fractionation, which is indicative for soil evaporation, but MW does not. We suggest that the relative volume of MW to BW is relevant for explaining these isotopic differences, since MW volumes are usually relatively low during periods of high evaporation. We additionally use the numerical 1-D flow model SWIS (Soil Water Isotope Simulator) to simulate the hydrometric and isotopic dynamics at the studied sites. The simulations accounting for a fast and slow flow supported the conceptualization of two soil pore domains (MW and BW) with isotopic exchange via vapor exchange. Please see the manuscript here.
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